[Dixielandjazz] Lp Records

[Robert Ringwald]

June 21, 1948: The First LP Is Released

1948: Columbia Records puts the needle down on history's first successful microgroove
plastic, 12-inch, 33-1/3 LPs in New York, sparking a music-industry standard so strong
that the digital age has yet to kill it.
Columbia engineer Peter Carl Goldmark set out with his staff in 1939 to evolve the
78-rpm record forward to 33-1/3 rpm, extend playback time to more than 20 minutes
per side, and shrink vinyl grooves to an accessible, acceptable millimeter size.
Before that time, music labels, including Columbia and RCA Victor, had failed to
launch commercially successful 33-1/3 records to market, for various reasons. Although
RCA Victor debuted the first commercially available vinyl long-player designed for
playback at 33-1/3 in 1931, the Great Depression shelved that ambitious project in
1933.
"When I became general manager of the Victor Division of RCA on July 1, 1933, my
first act was to take them off the market," American Records Corporation president
Edward Wallerstein explained. "Most of the records were made from Victorlac, a vinyl
compound [and] the pickups available at that time were so heavy they just cut through
the material after several plays. The complaints from customers all over the U.S.
were so terrific that we were forced to withdraw the LPs."
Columbia released 33-1/3 10-inchers, but quickly phased them out in 1932, thanks
to similarly maddening technical difficulties. The commercial public would not be
able to consume and listen to sturdier, lengthier LPs for another 15 years. First,
it had to deal with political and economic misery.
The Great Depression and World War II slowed everything down, including Goldmark's
team and its microgroove innovations. But once the war ended, the record business
boomed, pulling in more than $10 million in sales by 1945. Cue the applause track.
When Columbia was finally freed from geopolitical conflict and able to resolve the
LP's previous technical difficulties - pickups that were too heavy, grooves that
were too wide, playback times that were too short, and audio fidelity that was too
crappy - everything changed.
"Goldmark assigned individual researchers to individual problems: cutting-motor and
stylus design, pickup design, turntable design, amplifier, radius equalization,"
Martin Mayer wrote in a history of the LP published by High Fidelity Magazine in
1958. "The 33-1/3 speed had been established before work began, and it already had
become clear that a very narrow groove, something like the .003 inch groove finally
adopted, would be necessary to record 22 minutes of music to a side."
Eventual Columbia president Goddard Lieberson introduced the label's masterful LP
evolution at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in 1948, and the commercially available long-playing
record went supernova. Eventually, Columbia copyrighted the term LP outright, denying
other labels recourse to use a ubiquitous industry buzzword to market their individual
releases.
Cue the laugh track.
Source: Various
Photo: The first microgroove LP pressing released was Columbia ML4001, the Mendelssohn
Violin Concerto in E Minor with soloist Nathan Milstein, and Bruno Walter conducting
the Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra of New York. Courtesy 33audio.com


--Bob Ringwald
www.ringwald.com
Fulton Street Jazz Band
916/806-9551