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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>To: Musicians and Jazzfans, DJML<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>From: Norman Vickers, Jazz Pensacola<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>This item from Globe Gazette, Mason City, Iowa is similar to the one which ran recently in Davenport, Bix’s home city.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Consensus was that Bix died of pneumonia and this was complicated by his debilitated state from chronic alcoholism. This is an interesting viewpoint, but unfortunately 80+ years later, there’s no way to verify. So, speculation still continues…..<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>From: Globe Gazette, Mason City, Iowa<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo1;background:#0272AF'><![if !supportLists]><span lang=EN style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#333333'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'><a href="http://globegazette.com/weather/?weather_zip=50401"><span class=temp><span style='color:#0272AF'>73°</span></span></a>THOMAS GEYER For The Globe Gazette <o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:#333333;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo4'><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato'>Aug 4, 2017 <span class=text-muted>Updated </span>12 hrs ago <o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>More than 80 years after Leon "Bix" Beiderbecke died at the age of 28, a theory about the cornetist's controversial end argues Bix was the tragic victim of an anti-liquor campaign arranged by the federal government.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>The indisputable facts: On Thursday, Aug. 6, 1931, at 9:30 p.m. Beiderbecke, the great Davenport cornetist, died in New York City. According to the front page article of the Davenport Democrat and Leader, a predecessor of the Quad-City Times, the cause of death was pneumonia.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>But jazz artist Randall Sandke, who plays cornet and trumpet and who is on the board of the Bix Beiderbecke Museum and Archive, said he has long wondered about the ultimate cause of Bix’s death. His research has led him to some fresh conclusions about the case. His findings were laid out in a 2013 essay, "Was Bix Beiderbecke Poisoned by the Federal Government," published in the Journal of Jazz Studies, a periodical from the Institute of Jazz Studies at Rutgers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>“I think Bix has gotten a bad rap,” Sandke said in an interview with the Quad-City Times on July 27. “He died, and it was related to his alcoholism."<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Sandke argues that Bix could have been unlucky enough that night to have imbibed tainted alcohol, as many had during Prohibition, and it could have been the federal government that may have, inadvertently, been a factor in Bix’s untimely death.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>That Bix drank alcohol heavily has never been a secret. Prohibition did not stop people from drinking alcoholic beverages. In fact the 18th Amendment never prohibited drinking alcohol, just its manufacture, transportation and sale.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>The article as was written: “After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Bix did not just one day contract pneumonia and die. He had been in declining health since he had a reaction to alcohol the evening of Nov. 30, 1928, Sandke said.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Sandke said that he has been interested in Bix since he was a boy of 11 or 12 in Chicago, both reading about him and listening to his music.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>“In that era, plenty of his contemporaries were hard drinkers, and they managed to avoid the kind of tragic end he had,” Sandke said of Bix.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>What Sandke thinks is that in Bix's final days, the musician was unlucky enough to have consumed alcohol that was tainted, possibly with methanol, such as wood alcohol, or some other substance.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>In his article, Sandke turns to the writing of Deborah Blum, whose 2010 story, “The Chemist’s War: The little-told story of how the U.S. Government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition with deadly consequences,” published by Slate, explains the government’s role in fighting bootleggers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>While consumable alcohol was banned during Prohibition, there remained a need for industrial alcohol.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>The industrial alcohol, as Blum points out, often was stolen by bootleggers and “resold as drinkable spirits.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>What the government did was order the poisoning of industrial alcohols produced in the United States in the hopes it would scare people into giving up illicit drinking. Instead, by the time Prohibition ended in 1933, Blum says in her essay, “the federal government poisoning program, by some estimates, had killed at least 10,000 people.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Blum writes that while Prohibition went into effect on Jan. 1, 1920, people continued to drink and that by the mid-1920s, the Treasury Department, which oversaw alcohol enforcement, estimated that approximately 60 million gallons of industrial alcohol had been stolen annually by bootleggers to supply the nation’s drinkers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>It was not the government’s intent to kill anyone, Blum points out. The idea of “denaturing” industrial alcohol was introduced to the United States in 1906, as it had been a practice in Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Chemists employed by the syndicates and bootleggers worked to make the denatured industrial alcohol potable, which made the government create ways to make industrial alcohol more poisonous.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>As for Bix, a breakdown the night of Nov. 30, 1928, in Cleveland, may have been the result of bad alcohol, Sandke said.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>That night, Sandke believes, Bix passed out onstage while performing with Paul Whiteman’s orchestra in the New Music Hall in Cleveland. Later, in a fit of delirium, according to trombonist and friend Bill Rank, Bix cracked up and broke up a roomful of furniture at the hotel.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Whiteman called for a doctor and nurse and ordered Bix back to Davenport. Instead, Bix headed to New York, but he was a changed man, Sandke said. The episode left Bix with severe peripheral neuropathy affecting both of his legs and feet as well as chronic pneumonia, which eventually killed him. His kidneys and liver didn’t function properly. He suffered from headaches, dizziness, blackouts, memory loss and had to use a cane to get around. Bix was only 26 at the time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>The symptoms are those of someone who has been a victim of alcohol poisoning.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>“It seems to me there was a definite break in his life from the time he had that breakdown in Cleveland,” Sandke said. “His health never really recovered from that point on.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>"If you listen to his music from that point on, he rallies and he records some great stuff. He’s not in the studio not nearly as often as he had before then because of his physical problem."<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Despite Bix’s drinking, Sandke said, “He was able to really maintain this unbelievably high standard of performing all those years until that night."<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>On Aug. 9, 1931, both WOC and WHO paid tribute to Bix during a broadcast of the Valley dance, according to the Davenport Democrat and Leader.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>During the broadcast, pianist Bert Sloan played Bix’s composition, “In a Mist,” reminding people that Bix also was an accomplished pianist and composer.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>“I think there is a certain amount of luck of the draw when you’re buying any kind of unregulated product,” Sandke said. “Some people managed to avoid being seriously affected.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'> --End—<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>FYI— My anecdote follows about 1951 Atlanta deaths due to methyl alcohol. Not directly related to the Bix story—different toxins, but still a story worth remembering.<o:p></o:p></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>My only tangential encounter with something similar went like this:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Reference: Atlanta Journal Constitution ( AJC) Photo Vault: Tainted Moonshine killed dozens 64 years ago. Updated Wed. Oct 21, 2015. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Norman writes: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>1951 was the year before I started medical school at Emory U. in Atlanta. When I worked at Grady Hospital,( this was a couple of years following the incident) the charity hospital for Fulton and DeKalb Counties ( Atlanta and Decatur) the resident and teaching staff recounted the influx of patients sick and dying from having drunk methyl alcohol ( deadly poison) from a bootleg supplier, a white man named John “Fats” Hardy, who had substituted it for ethyl alcohol to various bars and clubs which sold to black customers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>Methyl alcohol produces severe acidosis—change in the normal blood pH. Treatment is large amounts of IV fluids containing sodium bicarbonate. The supply of IV sodium bicarbonate was quickly exhausted and the volume of patients was quite large. Consequently, medical faculty passed out boxes of sodium bicarbonate, measuring spoons and directions for mixing the sodium bicarbonate powder with bottles of IV fluids such as normal saline or 5% dextrose solution. Quick action saved many lives.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>From the AJC report: ..by the end of the night, 38 African-American men and women were dead after drinking the moonshine and many others were left blind and paralyzed.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>“ Hardy was convicted on Dec 12 1951 and sentenced to life in prison.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'>“Rumor has it he escaped the death sentence because the 360 pound man was too big to fit into the electric chair and the state didn’t own ‘an electric sofa.’ ”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'> --End--<o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p><span lang=EN style='font-family:Lato;color:#333333'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>F.<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Norman</span> Vickers<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>5429 Dynasty Drive<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Pensacola, FL 32504-8583<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Home 850-484-9183; cell 850-324-5022<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Jazz Society of Pensacola 850-433-8382<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.jazzpensacola.com/">www.jazzpensacola.com</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="mailto:nvickers1@cox.net">nvickers1@cox.net</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>http://jazzpensacola.com/vickers/<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Member Jazz Journalists Association<span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>